# Convert char to int in C and C++ with Examples

> Convert a char digit to its integer value in C and C++ by subtracting the ASCII value of zero, and parse multi-character strings using strtol

**URL:** https://sentry.io/answers/char-to-int-in-c-and-cpp/

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## The Problem

You have a variable of type `char` that actually represents an integer. For example; `char three = '3'`. You need to convert this `char` to an `int` so that you can use mathematical operations on it (for example, to be able to execute `three + 1` and get `4` as a result).

## The Solution

C and C++ store characters as integers using their underlying ASCII codes, so `'0'` is 48, `'1'` is 49, and so on. The easiest way to convert a single character to the integer it represents is to subtract the value of `'0'`. If we take `'3'` (ASCII code 51) and subtract `'0'` (ASCII code 48), we'll be left with the integer `3`, which is what we want.

You can do this in C as follows:

```c
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    char three_char = '3';
    int three_int = three_char - '0';
    int result = three_int + 1;

    printf("%c + 1 is %d\n", three_char, result);
}
```

This will output:

```
3 + 1 is 4
```

Or, equivalently, in C++:

```cpp
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    char three_char = '3';
    int three_int = three_char - '0';
    int result = three_int + 1;
    cout << three_char << " + 1 is " << result << endl;
    return 0;
}
```

## Handling strings

Because `char` is limited to a single character, this is only relevant for the numbers 0-9. If you have a number like "12" stored as a character array or string, you can use the `strtol` (string to long) function that is part of `stdlib` in C.

In C:

```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
    char twelve_str[] = "12";
    char *output;
    long result = strtol(twelve_str, &output, 10) + 1;
    printf("%s + 1 is %ld\n", twelve_str, result);
}
```

In C++:

```cpp
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    char twelve_str[] = "12";
    char *output;
    long result = strtol(twelve_str, &output, 10) + 1;
    printf("%s + 1 is %ld\n", twelve_str, result);
}
```

The `strtol` function takes an output pointer as its second argument. In the example above, we don't need this, and we don't use our `output` variable, but in the case when you have an input string containing both numbers and other characters, the output variable will point to the first character after the parsed long.

The function also takes the base as its third argument, so we use `10` in the example above to indicate that the long should be parsed in base 10.

Note that this function will simply cast your variable to `0` in case of any problems. Therefore, the following code will print `"twelve + 1 is 1"`, as it cannot cast the array "twelve" to an integer, and therefore does the sum `0 + 1`.

```c
// BAD EXAMPLE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
    char twelve_str[] = "twelve";
    char *output;
    long result = strtol(twelve_str, &output, 10) + 1;
    printf("%s + 1 is %ld\n", twelve_str, result);
}
```

You can check for errors by looking at the value of the output variable. For example, if you're expecting your entire input variable to be parsed into the `long`, the following will print an error message if all or part of the input could not be parsed.

```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
    char twelve_str[] = "twelve";
    char *output;
    long result = strtol(twelve_str, &output, 10) + 1;
    if (*output) {
        printf("Error occurred");
    } else {
        printf("%s + 1 is %ld\n", twelve_str, result);
    }
}
```

Also note that the following functions are generally discouraged in favor of `strtol` because they provide no error handling. They convert to long, integer, and float respectively, and do not require the output variable or the base to be specified (defaulting to base 10).

* `atol`
* `atoi`
* `atof`

### Further Reading

If you're looking to get a deeper understanding of how C++ application monitoring works, take a look at the following articles:

- [Application Performance Monitoring Explained](https://sentry.io/resources/application-performance-monitoring-explained/)
- [11 Habits of Highly Effective Developers](https://syntax.fm/show/778/11-habits-of-highly-effective-developers)
- [Sentry for Native](https://docs.sentry.io/platforms/native/)

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*Source: [sentry.io/answers/char-to-int-in-c-and-cpp/](https://sentry.io/answers/char-to-int-in-c-and-cpp/)*